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Secular variation in Late Cretaceous carbon isotopes: a new ¹³C carbonate reference curve for the Cenomanian–Campanian (99.6–70.6 Ma)

IAN JARVIS^*,*, ANDREW S. GALE^,, HUGH C. JENKYNS^¶ and MARTIN A. PEARCE^||

^* School of Earth Sciences & Geography, Centre for Earth and Environmental Science Research, Kingston University London, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK
Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent ME4 4AW, UK
Department of Palaeontology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
^¶ Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PR, UK
^|| Statoil, Forus N-4035, Stavanger, Norway

^* Author for correspondence: i.jarvis{at}kingston.ac.uk

Carbon stable-isotope variation through the Cenomanian–Santonian stages is characterized using data for 1769 bulk pelagic carbonate samples collected from seven Chalk successions in England. The sections show consistent stratigraphic trends and ¹³C values that provide a basis for high-resolution correlation. Positive and negative ¹³C excursions and inflection points on the isotope profiles are used to define 72 isotope events. Key markers are provided by positive ¹³C excursions of up to + 2 : the Albian/Cenomanian Boundary Event; Mid-Cenomanian Event I; the Cenomanian/Turonian Boundary Event; the Bridgewick, Hitch Wood and Navigation events of Late Turonian age; and the Santonian/Campanian Boundary Event. Isotope events are isochronous within a framework provided by macrofossil datum levels and bentonite horizons. An age-calibrated composite ¹³C reference curve and an isotope event stratigraphy are constructed using data from the English Chalk. The isotope stratigraphy is applied to successions in Germany, France, Spain and Italy. Correlation with pelagic sections at Gubbio, central Italy, demonstrates general agreement between biostratigraphic and chemostratigraphic criteria in the Cenomanian–Turonian stages, confirming established relationships between Tethyan planktonic foraminiferal and Boreal macrofossil biozonations. Correlation of the Coniacian–Santonian stages is less clear cut: magnetostratigraphic evidence for placing the base of Chron 33r near the base of the Upper Santonian is in good agreement with the carbon-isotope correlation, but generates significant anomalies regarding the placement of the Santonian and Campanian stage boundaries with respect to Tethyan planktonic foraminiferal and nannofossil zones. Isotope stratigraphy offers a more reliable criterion for detailed correlation of Cenomanian–Santonian strata than biostratigraphy. With the addition of Campanian ¹³C data from one of the English sections, a composite Cenomanian–Campanian age-calibrated reference curve is presented that can be utilized in future chemostratigraphic studies.

The Cenomanian–Campanian carbon-isotope curve is remarkably similar in shape to supposedly eustatic sea-level curves: increasing ¹³C values accompanying sea-level rise associated with transgression, and falling ¹³C values characterizing sea-level fall and regression. The correlation between carbon isotopes and sea-level is explained by variations in epicontinental sea area affecting organic-matter burial fluxes: increasing shallow sea-floor area and increased accommodation space accompanying sea-level rise allowed more efficient burial of marine organic matter, with the preferential removal of ¹²C from the marine carbon reservoir. During sea-level fall, reduced seafloor area, marine erosion of previously deposited sediments, and exposure of basin margins led to reduced organic-carbon burial fluxes and oxidation of previously deposited organic matter, causing falling ¹³C values. Additionally, drowning of carbonate platforms during periods of rapid sea-level rise may have reduced the global inorganic relative to the organic carbon flux, further enhancing ¹³C values, while renewed platform growth during late transgressions and highstands prompted increased carbonate deposition. Variations in nutrient supply, changing rates of oceanic turnover, and the sequestration or liberation of methane from gas hydrates may also have played a role in controlling carbon-isotope ratios.

Key Words: Cretaceous • carbon isotopes • Chalk • chemostratigraphy • sea-level change

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